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Severe Hyponatremia From Water Intoxication Associated With Preparation for a Urine Flow Study
 

Michael Su^a, Henry H. Woo^{a, b, c}

 

^aDepartment of Urology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia

^bSydney Adventist Hospital Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

^cCorresponding author: Henry H. Woo, P.O. Box 5017, Wahroonga, NSW, 2076, Australia. Email: hwoo@urologist.net.au

 

Manuscript accepted for publication January 13, 2012

Short title: Severe Hyponatremia

doi:10.4021/jmc498w 

 

Abstract

To discuss the natural history and impact of hyponatremia secondary to water intoxication in the setting of a urine flow study. Case report and literature review. An 82 year old male developed severe hyponatraemia following preparation for a urine flow study as part of ongoing follow up of lower urinary tract symptoms. He was admitted to an intensive care unit after developing acute confusion with a sodium of 114 mmol/L and discharged after his symptoms improved with slow correction of his sodium level. There are few reports in the literature of this event and no consensus guidelines on safe preparation for flow studies or other imaging modalities requiring pre-procedural fluid hydration. Patients with medications or conditions predisposing to hyponatremia are at higher risk of adverse events when overhydration occurs. Hyponatremia is a major adverse outcome of urine flow studies. Wider reporting of this condition is required to improve awareness of its effects and develop consensus guidelines on preventing its occurrence.  
 

Keywords: Hyponatremia; Water intoxication; Urine flow study; Uroflowmetry; Flow study; Benign prostatic hypertrophy 

 

Introduction 

Water intoxication is a serious condition resulting from overconsumption of water leading to hyponatraemia. Patients can present with a range of symptoms from nausea, vomiting to confusion, seizures and loss of consciousness. The condition has been widely reported in the literature amongst endurance athletes [1, 2], psychiatric patients [3-11] and military recruits [12, 13]. Water intoxication has also been reported in patients preparing for imaging studies that require fluid preparation such as abdominal or pelvic ultrasonography [14-18]. 

Urine flow studies are performed for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms and a history of prostate disease as an objective assessment of urinary function. Patients are generally instructed to drink one to two litres of fluid immediately prior to the procedure to fill the bladder in order to perform the study. However, there is limited data from the literature on overhydration leading to symptomatic hyponatraemia with only one report published on water intoxication in the setting of uroflowmetry [19]. We present a patient from our practice that developed severe symptoms from water intoxication as a result of excessive fluid intake prior to a urine flow study to improve awareness of this potential adverse outcome and stimulate discussion around developing practice guidelines on preventing this condition. 
 

Case Report 

An 82 year old Caucasian male with a previous history of TURP, AF, hypertension and depression was reviewed for ongoing follow up of chronic lower urinary tract symptoms. His symptoms had worsened since his last visit with his WHO International Prostate Symptom Score rising from 17 to 23 in six months. A flow study was performed and this demonstrated a peak urinary flow of 11.2ml/sec on a voided volume of 142 ml and the ultrasound measured post void residual volume was 100 ml. While preparing for the study the patient consumed approximately three litres of water over four hours.  

Several hours after the study his family noticed that the patient had difficulty finding words and was progressively more confused. He was brought to a local emergency department and found to be acutely confused with a GCS of 14. The physical examination was unremarkable aside from an ejection-systolic murmur with prosthetic heart sounds. His serum sodium level on admission was 114 mmol/L (normal range 135 - 145 mmol/L). There were no acute infarcts or haemorrhage on a non-contrast CT brain scan. The patient was admitted to ICU for management of severe hyponatremia and commenced on an 800ml daily fluid restriction. Mirtazapine and ramipril were withheld during the admission. After several days of slow correction, his alertness and confusion improved. Seven days later he was discharged with a sodium level of 127 mmol/L and a diagnosis of hyponatraemia secondary to excessive fluid hydration exacerbated by tricyclic antidepressant therapy. 
 

Discussion 

The case presented demonstrates the importance of appropriate counselling when preparing patients for urine flow studies. Patients with predisposing medications or conditions should be warned of the risks of excessive fluid consumption before they begin to prepare for a study. Medications that are commonly known to cause hyponatraemia include diuretics (e.g. thiazides, indapamide, loop diuretics), anti-depressants (SSRIs, TCAs, monoamine oxidase inhibitors), anti-psychotics (e.g. haloperidol), anti-convulsants (e.g. sodium valproate, carbemazepine) and anti-neoplastic agents [20].  

In rare instances, some commonly prescribed medications including ACE-inhibitors, amlodipine, proton-pump inhibitors, amiodarone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin have also been known to cause SIADH-related hyponatraemia [20]. Patients with a history of congestive heart failure, malignancy, hepatic cirrhosis or nephrotic syndrome are at risk of developing hypervolaemic hyponatraemia with a large fluid load [21].  

Our patient was on a regular tricyclic antidepressant (mirtazapine) and ACE inhibitor (ramipril) that were both identified as significant contributors to his hyponatraemia. These medications were withheld during his admission until further review by his family practitioner. There was a trend towards mild hyponatraemia on review of his previous biochemistry with a level of 132 mmol/L one month prior to his admission. This demonstrates the complexities of performing urine flow studies in a population with predisposing risk factors. Risk stratification within best practice guidelines will be necessary to identify patients undergoing such studies that would benefit most from tailored fluid intake volumes.  

Hyponatraemia from overconsumption of fluid is an underreported adverse outcome of preparation for urinary flow studies with a risk of high morbidity and mortality. There is currently limited guidance on the quantity of water intake recommended for bladder preparation in both urine flow studies and abdominal or pelvic ultrasonography.  Previous studies have recommended the need for standardised practice guidelines especially for patients at risk of serum inappropriate ADH syndrome related hyponatraemia [18]. The case we have presented provides further evidence of the need for an improvement in current best practice. We recommend that a consensus guideline should be developed for patients undergoing urine flow studies on pre-study fluid consumption to minimise the incidence of future cases as demonstrated in this report. 
 

Grant Support  

None.