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Acute Myocardial Infarction Followed by Acute Necrosis Cholecystitis and Sepsis: Treatment in Dilemma
 

Gui Ling Ma^a, Qiang He^b, Li Xin Li^b, Mu Lan Jin^c, Wen Shu Zhao^a, Zhu Hua Ni^a, Zhi Yong Zhang^a, Lin Zhang^{a, d}
 

^aDepartment of Heart Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, #8 Gong-Ti South Road, Beijing, 100020, China

^bDepartment of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, #8 Gong-Ti South Road, Beijing, 100020, China

^cDepartment of Pathology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, #8Gong-Ti South Road, Beijing, 100020, China

^dCorresponding author: Lin Zhang. Email: linzhangpeking@yahoo.com.cn

 

Manuscript accepted for publication November 24, 2011

Short title: Cholecystectomy After AMI

doi:10.4021/jmc450w
 

Keywords: Acute Myocardial Infarction; Acute Cholecystitis; Antiplatelet Therapy; Cholecystectomy

 

Abstract 

Studies showed a high risk of major adverse cardiac events if a non-cardiac surgery was performed early after coronary stenting. There is no literature about non-cardiac surgery early after acute myocardial infarction. We present a 66 years old woman suffered from fever and shiver on the 6th day after coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction with continuously use of dual antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. Immediately after acute cholecystitis and gall stone were diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography on the 7th day, we performed an emergency open cholecystectomy. The pathological examination showed acute hemorrhagic and necrosis cholecystitis and inflammation of surrounding tissues. Three days later, clopidogrel and aspirin was reinstituted to her with no major adverse cardiac events or surgery complications.

 

Introduction 

More than 10 million people have heart attack every year worldwide and the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) is rising in many developing countries [1]. The benefits of reperfusion therapy and dual antiplatelet therapy have been clearly demonstrated [2]. In the literature on perioperative use of antiplatelet agents is a warning signal when prescribed for secondary prevention after MI or coronary stenting. Besides, studies showed a high risk of MACEs if a non-cardiac surgery was performed early after coronary stenting especially less than two to six weeks [3-5]. We present a case diagnosed as acute hemorrhagic and necrosis cholecystitis on the 7th day after coronary stenting for acute MI especially she has been receiving aspirin and clopidogrel. 
 

Case Report 

A 66 years old woman was admitted to the hospital with sudden onset of palpitation and sweating for one hour after activities. She had a history of hypertension for 10 years and cerebral infarction for 5 years. Besides she received bowel resection for intestinal obstruction 30 years ago. According to the symptom, electrocardiogram and cardiac enzymes, the diagnosis was acute inferior, posterior and right ventricular MI [6]. Emergency coronary angiography showed the proximal of right coronary artery occlusion completely and we placed a drug-eluting stent there. Then she was admitted to coronary care unit, where continuous infusion of tirofiban, a glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitor, (0.1 μg/kg/min) for 72 hours, oral clopidogrel (75 mg/d) plus aspirin (100 mg/d), subcutaneous fragmin 6150AXaIU/12 hours. 

Six days later, she shivered violently and the body temperature rose to 39.4 ºC. Laboratory test showed the leukocyte count of 13.36 × 10⁹/L, the neutrophil account for 91.9%. On the 7th day, she shivered again with the temperature rose to 40.8 ºC. Physical examination was normal except for right upper abdominal tenderness. Abdominal ultrasonography showed gallstone and acute cholecystitis (Fig. 1).
 

Figure 1. Abdominal ultrasonography shows gallstone and acute cholecystitis: the size of gallbladder is 10.3 cm × 4.6 cm, slightly larger gallbladder with gallbladder wall thickening, and hypoechoic gallbladder.

Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered the first choice for most cholecystitis patients [7]. For severe acute cholecystitis, urgent management of organ dysfunction and severe local inflammation by cholecystectomy should be carried out [7]. For this patient, surgery can remove the focus of infection fundamentally. Given she had suffered from acute MI 7 days ago especially she had been receiving dual antiplatelet therapy, she had a high risk of MACEs, bleeding and other adverse events during the perioperative period of cholecystectomy. Besides she received bowel resection 30 years ago, open cholecystectomy would be necessary. An emergency open cholecystectomy was performed that day with no blood transfusion. The pathological conclusion was acute hemorrhagic and necrosis cholecystitis and inflammation of gallbladder surrounding tissues (Fig. 2).
 

Figure 2. Microscopy (× 400) of histology of gallbladder shows a large number of neutrophils exudation in all layers of gallbladder wall with varying degrees of tissue necrosis, vascular congestion, neutrophils adherence and extensive hemorrhage in the gallbladder wall.

After the operation, we prescribed fragmin 6150AXaIU/12 hours with no aspirin or clopidogrel. The drainage was 100 mL and 30 mL respectively on the first two days and the drainage tube was removed on the third day. One day later, clopidogrel (75 mg/d) and aspirin (100 mg/d) was reinstituted. She was discharged on the 8th day after operation without MACEs or surgery complications with a follow-up at the cardiology department for one year. 
 

Discussion 

There is no literature about cholecystectomy early after acute MI. An increased risk of MACEs for non-cardiac surgery early after coronary stenting has been suggested and the most important reason is stent thrombosis [3-5, 8]. It is reported that the mortality was 32% in patients subjected to surgery less than 2 weeks from coronary stenting [3]. Among the 40 patients, 2 of them underwent cholecystectomy with no MACEs. Wilson and associates found the increased risk persisted for 6 weeks and the mortality was 4.8% [4]. Among the 207 patients studied, 2 of them underwent abdominal surgery less than 6 weeks and both suffered from MACEs. Reddy and Vaitkus reviewed all the 56 cases of coronary stenting with subsequent surgery, 8 developed MACEs with none when surgery performed after 6 weeks [5]. Schouten and associates found in patients undergoing early surgery, discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy during the perioperative period maybe a major cause of increasing in MACEs, mainly result from stent thrombosis [6]. 

In conclusion, whenever possible non-cardiac surgery should be postponed to 6 weeks after coronary stenting [4, 5]. Emergency surgery is an alternative method for acute MI patient accompanied by acute necrosis cholecystitis and sepsis. Further prospective clinical studies are needed to define whether surgeries can be performed safely with minimum interruption or continuous of antiplatelet therapy for acute MI patients. 
 

Grant 

No.
 

Conflict Interest 

The authors declare no conflict of interest.